Class #3 - Extras

Here, There

Use:
Here:

• Use here when you find something.

             Where’s my bag?                             It’s here!  Here it is!

• Here means that something is near you.

             Is your dad here?                             Yes, he is.

• Use there, or over there, to talk about something that is not near you.

             Where’s my bag?             It’s over there, near the door.

Form:

1)            Use here and there with be.
             Here is your bag. Your bags are here.

                                
2)            You can contract is after here and there. You cannot contract are.
                 Here is Joe!                    =>           Here’s Joe!
                Here are your bags!         =>           Here’re your bags.

Look at the chart below:

Singular Forms

Use "here" for something which is near us.

Example: Here is the pencil in my hand.

Use "there" for something which is far from us.

Example: There is the pen next to the lamp.

Use "this" for one object (singular) which is here (near us).

Example: This is a book in my hand.

Use "that" for one object (singular) which is there.

Example: That is his car over there.

Plural Forms

Use "these" for more than one object (plural) which are here (near us).

Example: These are my friends next to me.

Use "those" for more than one object (plural) which are there.

Example: Those are his toys over there.

Use "there" for one object (singular) which exists - or "is" (near us).

Possessive Adjectives

We use possessive adjectives to show who owns or "possesses" something. The possessive adjectives are:

• my, your, his, her, its, our, their
• whose (interrogative)

number	person	gender	possessive adjective	example sentence
singular	1st	male/female	my	This is my book.
	2nd	male/female	your	I like your hair.
	3rd	male	his	His name is "John".
		female	her	Her name is "Mary".
		neuter	its	The dog is licking its paw.
plural	1st	male/female	our	We are selling our house.
	2nd	male/female	your	Your children are lovely.
	3rd	male/female/neuter	their	The students are thanking theirteacher.
singular/plural	1st/2nd/3rd	male/female (not neuter)	whose	Whose phone are you using?

IMPORTANT - Compare:

your = possessive adjective
you're = you are
its = possessive adjective
it's = it is OR it has
their = possessive adjective
they're = they are
there = adverb (I'm not going there / look over there / there is a car outside)

Cardinal Numbers

Definition:

A number (such as 1, 2, or 3) used in counting to indicate quantity but not order.

• The cardinal numbers refer to the size of a group:
  zero (0)
  one (1)
  two (2)
  three (3)
  four (4)
  five (5)
  six (6)
  seven (7)
  eight (8)
  nine (9)
  ten (10)
  eleven (11)
  twelve (12)
  thirteen (13)
  fourteen (14)
  fifteen (15)
  twenty (20)
  twenty-one (21)
  thirty (30)
  forty (40)
  fifty (50)
  one hundred (100)
  one thousand (1,000)
  ten thousand (10,000)
  one hundred thousand (100,000)
  one million (1,000,000)

Ordinal Numbers

Definition:

A number that indicates position or order in relation to other numbers: first, second, third, and so on.

• All ordinal numbers carry a suffix: -nd, -rd, -st, or -th.
  first (1st)
  second (2nd)
  third (3rd)
  fourth (4th)
  fifth (5th)
  sixth (6th)
  seventh (7th)
  eighth (8th)
  ninth (9th)
  tenth (10th)
  eleventh (11th)
  twelfth (12th)
  twentieth (20th)
  twenty-first (21st)
  twenty-second (22nd)
  twenty-third (23rd)
  twenty-fourth (24th)
  thirtieth (30th)
  one hundredth (100th)
  one thousandth (1,000th)
  one millionth (1,000,000th)
  one billionth (1,000,000,000th)


• "Do not use the ordinal (th, st, rd, nd) form of numbers when writing the complete date: January 15 is the date for the examination. However, you may use the ordinal suffixes if you use only the day: The 15th is the date for the examination. . . .
  
  "Write out ordinal numbers when they contain just one word: third prize, tenth in line, sixtieth anniversary, fifteenth birthday. Use numerals for the others: the 52nd state, the 21st Amendment."

"When a cardinal number and an ordinal number modify the same noun, the ordinal number always precedes the cardinal number:

The first two operations were the most difficult to watch.

The second three innings were quite dull.

In the first example, the ordinal number first precedes the cardinal number two. Both first and two are determiners. In the second example, the ordinal number second precedes the cardinal number three. Both second and three are determiners. Try reading the sentences with the ordinal and cardinal numbers reversed. They simply sound wrong."

The Twelve Months of the Year

• 1 - January - 31 days
• 2 - February - 28 days; 29 days in leap years
• 3 - March - 31 days
• 4 - April - 30 days
• 5 - May - 31 days
• 6 - June - 30 days
• 7 - July - 31 days
• 8 - August - 31 days
• 9 - September - 30 days
• 10 - October - 31 days
• 11 - November - 30 days
• 12 - December - 31 days

Writing the Date

There are several different ways to write the date in English. They vary from formal to informal, and there are differences between British and American English. The following table shows some typical formats.

Format	British: Day-Month-Year	American: Month-Day-Year
A	the Fourteenth of March, 2011	March the Fourteenth, 2011
B	14th March 2011	March 14th, 2011
C	14 March 2011	March 14, 2011
D	14/3/2011	3/14/2011
E	14/3/11	3/14/11
F	14/03/11	03/14/11

Note: which format to use is a question of formality, politeness and personal choice. Generally, the longer formats, such as B or C, are more polite (since they show more respect for the reader). Shorter formats, such as D or E, are used in less formal situations, for example a memo, a letter between friends or an impersonal business letter. Format F is rather official and is typically seen on an invoice or an official or technical document. Format A is extremely formal and mainly used on printed items, for example a wedding invitation. The numerical formats may use a full stop (.) or hyphen (-) instead of a slash (/), for example: 14.3.2011 or 03-14-11

Months
Number	Name	Abbreviations
1	January	Jan	J
2	February	Feb	F
3	March	Mar	M
4	April	Apr	A
5	May	May	M
6	June	Jun	J
7	July	Jul	J
8	August	Aug	A
9	September	Sep	S
10	October	Oct	O
11	November	Nov	N
12	December	Dec	D

Days of the Month
1st	first
2nd	second
3rd	third
4th	fourth
5th	fifth
6th	sixth
7th	seventh
8th	eighth
9th	ninth
10th	tenth
11th	eleventh
12th	twelfth
13th	thirteenth
14th	fourteenth
15th	fifteenth
16th	sixteenth
17th	seventeenth
18th	eighteenth
19th	nineteenth
20th	twentieth
21st	twenty-first
22nd	twenty-second
23rd	twenty-third
24th	twenty-fourth
25th	twenty-fifth
26th	twenty-sixth
27th	twenty-seventh
28th	twenty-eighth
29th	twenty-ninth
30th	thirtieth
31st	thirty-first